STUDY QUESTIONS FOR EXAM 3 (Final Exam):     Tuesday, December 14, 2004; 11:00 a.m. - 12:50 p.m.

1. Explain the three or four (you choose and tell why) necessary conditions for a city to exist.
2. Describe the two major reasons for cities to exist.
3. What are  a) agglomeration economies,  b) external economies of scale,  c) localization economies, and  d) urbanization economies, e) external diseconomies?  Be able to discuss the urban development impact of each of these concepts.
4. Overview the economic base theory; be sure to include a discussion of basic and non-basic economic activities, the economic base multiplier, and basic-nonbasic ratio.
5. What are the two major forces (or factors) that combine to produce the spatial distribution of urban land uses?  Explain how these forces would work to yield the locational choice of a particular land use (such as a bank or single-family home).
6. Describe the general intraurban distribution of population density, and explain why this distribution exists.
7. Compare and contrast the concepts and causes of urban implosion and  urban sprawl.
8. Be able to give a brief overview of the historical evolution of urban accessibility in the United States.
9. Be able to describe and give the basic forces operating (in other words what causes them to be the way they are)  in the four descriptive models of intraurban spatial structure (concentric zone, sector, multiple-nuclei, and suburban downtown or edge city).
10. Be able to explain Hotelling's market-area approach to location under both the assumption of elastic demand and     inelastic demand.
11. What are:  a) a central place,   b) a central function,  c) the threshold of a function, d) spatial margins of profitability?
12. Be able to explain the logic behind and the locational results of Christaller's central place theory.
13. In the context of central place theory, what is the  a) marketing principle,  b) transportation principle, c) administrative principle?
14. Which sector of the economy is usually the largest in a wealthy economy and why?
15. Be able to overview Weber's least-cost theory of manufacturing location.
16. Define and give an example of how "right-to-work laws" reflect business climate and industrial location.
17. Explain the two-step industrial location decision-making process.
18. What is the general locational impact of the various stages in the product life-cycle of a manufactured product?
19. Explain the concept of centripetal and centrifugal factors in urban spatial structure.
20. In the context of manufacturing location what are:
          a) ubiquitous industries?
          b) resource-oriented industries?
          c) market-oriented industries?
          d) footloose industries?

21. What are "shopping goods" and "convenience goods" in the context of tertiary activities,and how does the location of business providing these kinds of goods differ in an urban area?
22. What are forward and backward industrial linkages?
23. According to Kevin Lynch what are the five components of people's urban mental maps, and how can a knowledge of these components be used in a practical way?