1. Discuss and
analyze the development of industry and agriculture in the southern states in
the late nineteenth century.
- Reconstruction
- South
was in debt; debtors were desperate for work, and go to factories
- Sharecropping
- Tenant
Farming
- Crop
Lien System
- Furnishing
Merchant
- Safety-First
Agriculture
- Yeomen- independent farmers who had never owned slaves;
still had problems after the war because much of their land and crops had
been destroyed/damaged
- Cheap
labor and the availability of materials = big textile industry
- Natural
settings for tobacco, iron, and steel.
Also along the Fall line, this meant lots of available water power
which were important for business.
- “Lint
head” was a derogatory term for cotton textile workers.
- James
Buchanan Duke bought the rights to a cigarette rolling machine and started
the Duke Tobacco Company which became American Tobacco. He donated to Trinity
College which was renamed Duke University.
- Birmingham – coal
and iron ore were found near this area.
It was along the Fall Line.
It was big in the steel industry which was the only smokestack
industry in the South (I think).
2. Compare and
contrast the principles, strategies, and achievements of the American
Federation of Labor and the Knights of Labor.
American Federation of Labor
·
Started by Samuel Gompers/Strasser in 1886
·
Craft Union
·
“Bread and Butter” union
·
Didn’t care for public interest, just workers
·
Supported strikes
Knights of Labor
·
Accepted anyone who “provided a service to the
public” (including housewives; excluding lawyers, bankers, stockbrokers, saloon
owners)
·
1869 by Philadelphia
garment workers; Uriah S. Stephens
·
The “American Ideal”
·
Thought strikes were ineffective
·
Wanted the small-scale/hometown feeling of 1860
·
Romantic and unrealistic
·
Bigger than the AFL
·
The president was the “Grand Master Workman”
·
Supported prohibition
·
Believed all workers were equal
·
Haymarket – partially brought on by the shooting
of a “fellow workman” by police - wanted 8 hour workday – supposed anarchist
rally- someone threw a bomb at the
police at police- 7 anarchists were arrested (5 executed, 2 pardoned) – end of
the Knights of Labor
3. From the
1860’s to the 1890’s, discuss, analyze, and evaluate the armed conflict between
the Plains Indians and United States
settlers and the U.S.
government. How and why did U.S.
policy toward Native Americans change in the 1890’s?
- First
dealt with tribes, then tried working individuals
- Indians
and settlers fought for land and food
- The
Indians knowledge of the territory and horsemanship (esp. Comanches) skills
prove to be a threat: U.S.
adopts a total war strategy (civil war: William Tecumseh Sherman)
- 1864:
Sand Creek Massacre
- 1868:
Washita – Custer involved
- 1876:
Little Big Horn – Custer involved – Custer’s last stand – torture,
disfigured, scalped, killed
- “War
is Hell” – do whatever you have to do to win – Sherman- related to the Total War
Strategy
- 1886:
Geronimo was the last hostile leader to surrender
- Ghost
Dance
- 1887:
Dawes Severalty Act – individuals were allotted land
- Resistance
becomes political
- Corruption
4. Compare and
Contrast the business methods, professional careers, and social attitudes of
Jay Gould, John D. Rockefeller, and Andrew Carnegie.
Jay Gould
·
Wall street Investor
·
Would take money, even if it ruined his company
(would funnel the companies funds into his accounts – made his money by buying
companies and destroying them)
·
Gold (Tried to corner the market on gold –
almost destroyed the economy)
·
Check kiting (Right checks without actually
having the money at the time of writing it)
·
Watered Stock (Cornelius Vanderbilt)
·
Kids inherit money, couldn’t donate to charity
John D. Rockefeller
·
Possibly richest man in American history
·
In the oil business during the oil boom of
1850’s-1880’s
·
More people in the oil rush than the gold rush
·
1st boom in western Pennsylvania
(Pennzoil and Quaker
State)
·
Standard Oil of Ohio (1867) in Cleveland – became Standard Oil of New Jersey
·
Good company at lowest cost: 25% of refining
business
·
1872 starts secret rebates and monopolizing;
starting asking for kickbacks
·
1879 = 90% of refining business
·
Forms a Trust and goes unnoticed for 15 years
·
Ohio sues so he
moves his company to New Jersey
and forms a Holding Company
·
Horizontal integration
·
Would drive smaller businesses into bankruptcy
to sell his product
·
Gives money to charity (University of Ohio,
Rockefeller Foundations)
Andrew Carnegie
·
Immigrant of Scotland
·
Swept floors in steel company, married boss’s
daughter, inherited factories
·
Devoted to being the cheapest
·
Checked efficiency and retooled
·
Vertical integration
·
Gospel of Wealth (work hard)
·
Sells to J.P. Morgan and donates money to
charity, library thing
5. Discuss,
analyze, and evaluate the rise and fall of the Populist Party
- Knights
of Reliance 1877
- 1885:
spreads as Farmers Alliance
- Farmers
thought government was ignoring them in favor of industry
- Stressed
cooperation; even joined with blacks
- 1892:
Forms political party with Knights of Labor (a.k.a. People’s Party)
- Party
identity = reluctance to join
- Ocala Platform
- Considered
radical
- Graduated
income tax
- 8
hour days
- Government
ownership of railroads
- Reduction
of tariff
- Sub-treasury
plan
- Cheap
government crop warehouses
- Collateral
to borrow at 1% interest
- 1st
national election: nominate Union Weever with a Confederate for V.P.
- Bryan splits the reform vote, so populists give
nomination to Bryan,
also, but he loses, and populists sold out
- Populism
ideals live on in progressivism
6. Discuss,
analyze, and evaluate how and why the United States became involved in
World War I.
- Reasons
why we got involved in the war
- The
three major points
- The
news of the war that we received was filtered through England
and we therefore received biased news of what was happening
- We
had language and cultural ties with the Allied countries
- We
also had economic ties with these countries ( we sold them war supplies
on credit and we knew that if they did not win, we would not get paid back)
- Other
major points
- We
were indebted to France
(from the Revolutionary War)
- U-boats
(a u-boat/submarine attacked Lusitania – a passenger ship
that was secretly carrying war supplies)
- Zimmerman
Telegram
- Pancho Villa
- Things
we did during the war (extra info)
- War
Industries Board
- Cost
Plus Contracts
- Railroad
Administration
- Food
Administration
7. Discuss,
compare, and contrast the key personalities and ideas involved in the
development of Social Darwinism, the Social Gospel, and Pragmatism in the United States.
- Social
Darwinism was based off of scientific Darwinism(Charles Darwin) (The Origin of Species):
- Belief
in “survival of the fittest”
- “Root,
hog, or die” – William Graham Sumner (Yale Professor)
- If
you don’t succeed, it’s your fault for not working harder
- Believed
that competition would be the drive to a greater America
- Henry
Haveneyer- “Let the buyer beware; that covers the whole business” – What the
buyer buys is up to them, they need to take the quality of the products
that they purchase into their own hands – in relation to Social Darwinism
and how it applies to American business
- Few
business men were directly influenced – Social Darwinism did not believe in
charity, yet business men did not have a problem with accepting government
handouts
- Although,
most business men would accept any help offered by the gov’t
- Justifies
racism and laissez faire
- Social
Gospel went against the original idea that faith in God would enable the poor
to transcend the material difficulties in life
- Started
by Protestant clergymen: most influential preacher Washington Gladden (Applied Christianity 1886 – defended
workers)
- He
favored factory inspection, and laborer’s right to strike
- Didn’t
think supply and demand should control wages
- Proponents
thought that slum conditions caused the sins and crimes of the city, and
that you couldn’t blame the people
- They
focused on improving living conditions rather than saving souls
- Eventually
developed into socialism
- Pragmatism
– belief in human will; instincts will take over in danger – similar to
Social Darwinism but people had more of a choice/ a desire to survive - no
one-idea explanations of existence; what a person thought helped to make
it come true
- William
James (established psychology)
- Things
happen out of chance and choice
- Turned
society materialistic, anti-intellectual
- Businessmen
favored pragmatism
8. Discuss,
analyze, and evaluate the impact of American Progressivism in promoting reforms
of local and state government.
- 1900-1920
- If
you see a problem, fix it
- Wanted
to regulate big business and rejected laissez faire
- Wanted
to get rid of the corruption in gov’t by
employing experts rather than professional politicians
- Four
reforms at state and local level
- Initiative:
system in which a bill can be put on a ballet by public petition
- Referendum:
voting on measures by the electorate after being put on the ballet by
initiative or legislatures
- Recall:
voters can have an office holder removed before their term is up by
petition
- Direct
Primary: voters directly select the candidates for their party; it
replaced the caucus nomination
9. Discuss,
analyze, and evaluate the philosophy, actions, and impact of Theodore Roosevelt
on American Foreign Policy.
- “Big
Stick Diplomacy” : “speak softly and carry a big stick”
- Became
President after McKinley died
- Youngest
President at that time, energetic, war hero, and cowboy
- First
progressive President
- 1890 the
frontier was closed for the first time in American history, so Americans wanted
to settle their thirst for adventure by expanding out of the country.
- He
believed that war was good because people were fighting for a cause rather
than just striving to make money
- Roosevelt
Corollary was his biggest change to foreign policy, states the US may
intervene in any Western Hemispheric country whose financial mismanagement
threats to provoke European intervention, followed logically from Monroe
Doctrine
- Responsible
for the beginning of the construction of the Panama
Canal
- Panama Canal
10. Discuss,
analyze, and evaluate why certain parts of the American population consistently
voted for particular political parties.
Why was party loyalty so deep?
What were the three key issues from the period after Reconstruction
until the rise of Populism and how did the political system address them?
- White
Southerners consistently voted democrat because Lincoln was republican, they did not
like him because of the whole slavery thing
- (Where
they could vote) Blacks consistently voted republican, also because of Lincoln
- Southern
democrats were called ‘Yellow-Dog Democrats’ because they would not vote
outside their party, they would vote for a yellow dog that was a democrat,
even if Jesus Christ himself was a republican candidate
- “Vote
as you shot” – This was a republican slogan which meant that the democrats
rebelled against the union, and you shouldn’t vote for a rebel
- New
immigrants and Catholics were largely democratic
- Old
immigrants and Protestants were largely republican
- Party
identity meant that your party was part of who you were
- People
were very reluctant to vote outside their party, because their family had
belonged to the same party for
generations and voting outside their party would be considered “traitorous”
- The three
major issues of the late 19th century were:
- Civil
service
- Tariffs
- Money
supply