Whenever you discuss someone else's ideas in your writing or presentation (even if you don't use his/her EXACT WORDS) you must cite the item in the text and then include a full citation on the reference list.
Each citation should be double spaced, with the first line flush left with all subsequent lines indented (use tab key).
Double space between citation entries.
Note: If your instructor has indicated he/she wants you to use the format provided in the 2007 APA Style Guide to Electronic References (rather than the 5th Ed. of the APA manual) click here.
Journal Articles (print only) |
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Web Documents (including journal articles found on our databases) |
Books and Other (includes book reviews, entries in encyclopedias & other reference books, chapters & newspaper articles) |
On reference list:
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of publication, vol#(issue#), beginning page#-end page.
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. |
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Within body of text:
...end of your sentence or paragraph containing information from this resource (Klimoski & Palmer, 1993).
Note: In your in-text citations, you only need the page number if you have directly quoted the source.
Also note that if there is an EJ###### (ERIC journal #) instead of an ED###### (ERIC document #), you may cite it like a Journal Retrieved from a Database. (See below.)
On reference list:
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of document (Report #). Place of publication: Publisher. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED######).
Mead, J.V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL - RR-92-4). East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED346082). |
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Within body of text:
...end of your sentence or paragraph containing information from this resource (Mead, 1992).
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of publication, vol#(issue#), beginningpage#-endpage#. Retrieved on month, day, year, from name of database.
Friedlander, D . (2009). Sam comes to school: Including students with autism in your classroom. Clearing House , |
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On reference list:
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of article [Electronic version]. Title of publication, vol#(issue#), beginningpage#-endpage#.
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations [Electronic version]. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. |
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Within body of text:
...end of your sentence or paragraph containing information from this resource (Klimoski & Palmer, 1993).
On reference list:
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of publication, vol#(issue#), beginningpage#-endpage#. Retrieved month day, year, from URL.
Lance, K. (1994). The impact of school library media centers on academic achievement. School Library Media |
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Note that the example in the box above does not include page numbers; that is often the case when a print article is offered on a Web Site. If they are not present on the version you view, it's acceptable to leave them out. Your statement of retrieval shows the reader that it's likely been modified from the print. Once he/she accesses it online, they can use the search feature to find particular sections you've quoted.
Within body of text:
...end of your sentence or paragraph containing information from this resource (Lance, 1994).
On reference list:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved month day, year, (if necessary) from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Within body of text:
...end of your sentence or paragraph containing information from this resource (Authors, year).
On reference list:
Author(s). (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved Month, day, year, from Title of Web site: URL.
Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D.H. (1993). Technology and education: new wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imaging educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwinel.html |
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Within body of text:
...end of your sentence or paragraph containing information from this resource (Chou, McClintock, Moretti & Nix, 1993).
If there are no authors listed, begin with the Title of document and follow it with the (Year of publication).
If there is no date available, use (n.d.).
Within body of text:
...end of your sentence or paragraph containing information from this resource (Technology and education, n.d.).
Whenever possible, provide citation information for a specific page or document on a web site (see above) rather than to a home or index page. If an entire site is used for a project, include the basic name and URL for the site within the text. As per APA recommendations, a citation on the reference list is not necessary, but since in many cases your instructor will require that it be listed, it can be formatted in this way:
Author of Web site (if known). (Year of publication). Title of site. Retrieved month, day, year, from URL.
If the author is not known, cite as follows:
Title of site. (Year of publication). Retrieved month, day, year, from URL.
Within body of text:
...when you first mention the site, end the sentence by putting the URL in parenthesis before the period (www.???.com).
Book:
Norton, D. E. (2003). Through the eyes of a child: An introduction to children’s literature . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall. |
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E-Book (Electronic Book accessed through NetLibrary, Ebrary or other E-Book provider):
Norton, D. E. (2003). Through the eyes of a child: An introduction to children’s literature . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from the NetLibrary database. |
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E-Book (Electronic Book NOT accessed through a database or specific subscription provider):
O'Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Available from http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135. |
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Within body of text:
...end of your sentence or paragraph containing information from this resource (Norton, 2003).
Entry in MMY: http://buros.unl.edu/buros/jsp/faq.html#citemmy
Entry in the TIP (Tests in Print):
Murphy, L. L., Spies, R. A., & Plake, B. S. (2006). Tests in print: VII. Lincoln: University of Nebraska & Buros Institute of Mental Measurements. |
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Encyclopedia Entry:
Bergmann, P.G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: |
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Note: If an entry has no byline (no author listed), move the article title to the author position (first position) and move year of publication to follow title.
Article or chapter in an edited book: (this includes Contemporary Authors, Something About the Author, etc.)
Martin,William Ivan 1916-. (1986). In H. May (Ed.), Contemporary authors, Vol. 117 (p.278-279). Detroit, MI: Gale Research. |
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Note: As with the encyclopedia format, if an entry has no byline (no author listed), move the article title to the author position (first position) and move year of publication to follow title. That is the case with the example above.
Poem in a book:
Prelutsky, J. (1989). A sled for Christmas. In A. Low (Ed.) The family read-aloud Christmas treasury (p. 51). Boston: Little, Brown and Co. |
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Book review:
McMahon, J. (1991). [Review of the book Danny and the dinosaur]. School Library Journal, 37(4), 153. |
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Note: If the review has a formal title, place it between the date and the brackets and format as a journal article title.
Book review accessed through an electronic database (such as Academic Search Premier):
McMahon, J. (1991). [Review of the book Danny and the dinosaur]. School Library Journal, 37(4), 153. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from Academic Search Premier database. |
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Daily Newspaper Article:
Smith, R . (2007, August 4). Concert a huge success at community center. The Daily Gazette, p. 15. |
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Daily Newspaper Article (With no author / byline):
Concert a huge success at community center. (2007, August 4). The Daily Gazette, p. 15. |
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Daily Newspaper Article (With discontinuous pages):
Concert a huge success at community center. (2007, August 4). The Daily Gazette, pp. 10, 15. |
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Weekly Newspaper Article, letter to the editor:
Carey, A.J. (2007, August 4). Treatment of homeless a disgrace.[Letter to the editor]. The Daily Gazette, p. 10. |
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Personal Communications: (Includes phone conversations, emails, etc.)
Personal communications should not be included on the reference list because they cannot be located at a later time by the reader. They should be cited as an in-text citation (parenthetical reference). See page 214 of the APA manual.
* Information and some examples were taken from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association and from the web site of Peggy Kaney, Access Services Librarian and Instructor of LIBM 4023, Northeastern State University. See an example of an actual References page below:
References Kaney, P. (2004.) Resources for LIBM4023: Materials for children. Retrieved August 30, 2005 from Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). (2001). Washington, D.C.:
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If you have not found the type of source you are citing, try the following sites for help:
Using APA format (Purdue University) - this comprehensive guide summarizes the print version of the book. Click on Your Reference List to find examples of the proper format to use when listing sources you used.
APA Style.org Frequently Asked Questions - http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html
Page maintained by Jamie Holmes. Last update March 17, 2009
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